Hi Jane,
Tuesday, January 25, 2000, 10:42:26 PM, you wrote:
JJ> I've been following the raw milk discussion with interest, and did
JJ> a little searching on AGRICOLA through the University of Minnesota
JJ> library system. I found nothing in a search on the keywords "raw
JJ> milk" and "tuberculosis".
Record 1 of 4 in UnCover
Search type: Keyword
Search was: tuberculosis + milk
Title: Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in Cattle by PCR Using Milk, Lymph Node Aspirates, and Nasal Swabs.
Author(s): Vitale, Fabrizio
Capra, Giuseppina
Caracappa, Santo
Journal Info: Journal of clinical microbiology.
APR 01 1998 v 36 n 4
1050
SICI
0095-1137(19980401)36:4L.1050:DMTC;1-
Record 2 of 4 in UnCover
Search type: Keyword
Search was: tuberculosis + milk
Title: Effect of tuberculosis on milk production in dairy cows.
Author(s): Hernandez, Jorge
Baca, Dan
Journal Info: Journal of the american veterinary medical assoc
SEP 15 1998 v 213 n 6
851
SICI
0003-1488(19980915)213:6L.851:ETMP;1-
Record 3 of 4 in UnCover
Search type: Keyword
Search was: tuberculosis + milk
Title: Tuberculosis in dairy calves: risk of Mycobacterium spp. exposure associated with management of colostrum and milk.
Author(s): Evangelista, T. B. R.
Anda, J. H. De
Journal Info: Preventive veterinary medicine.
JUN 01 1996 v 27 n 1 / 2
23
SICI
0167-5877(19960601)27:1:2L.23:TDCR;1-
Record 4 of 4 in UnCover
Search type: Keyword
Search was: tuberculosis + milk
Title: Primary tuberculosis of the oral cavity.
Author(s): Dimitrakopoulos, Ioannis
Zouloumis, Lambros
Lazaridis, Nicolaos
Journal Info: Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology.
DEC 01 1991 v 72 n 6
712
Summary: Two patients with oral granulomatous inflammatory lesions and
positive skin tests for TB are discussed in the context of consumption
of contaminated milk.
*********** REPLY SEPARATOR ***********
JJ> There were 37 articles from a search on
JJ> "raw milk" and "disease*"; for what it's worth, here is a sample
JJ> of what I found. Caveat: This is strictly from the abstracts; I
JJ> have not read the articles.
JJ> From the British Medical Journal, vol. 312 (7023) p. 91-94; Desenclos et
JJ> al.; Large outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi B infection
JJ> caused by a goats' milk cheese, France, 1993: a case finding and
JJ> epidemiological study.
JJ> The source of the infection was traced to a single processing plant that
JJ> made raw goats' milk cheese, and further traced to goats' milk from a
JJ> single farm. "This outbreak emphasises the potential health hazards of
JJ> widely distributed unpasteurised milk products in France and the need for
JJ> their close bacterial monitoring."
JJ> From Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, vol. 34 (1) p.1-30;
JJ> Champagne et al.; Psychrotrophs in dairy products: their effects and their
JJ> control.
JJ> Pathogenic psychrotrophs covered in this article are Listeria
JJ> monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolytica, and Bacillus cereus. "Methods that
JJ> can be used to eliminate or control the development of psychrotrophic
JJ> bacteria include low or high temperatures, chemicals, gases, the
JJ> lactoperoxidase system, lactic acid bacteria, microfiltration,
JJ> bactofugation, lactoferrin-related proteins, sanitation, flavors, and
JJ> naturally occurring spore germinants."
JJ> (My question on the above: if lactic acid bacteria control the pathogens,
JJ> can we infer that milk from a healthy cow with a healthy lactobacillus
JJ> population would not be a problem? This possibility was brought up in a
JJ> previous post, I think by Hugh Lovel)
JJ> From British Food Journal: vol. 95 (3) p. 25-31; Lacey, R.W.; Food
JJ> poisoning: the rise continues.
JJ> "Food-borne infections due to campylobacter, shigella, salmonella and E.
JJ> coli 0157 have shown a real increase three to four fold. Argues that
JJ> between the mid-1980s and 1992 the reasons are multifactorial and include
JJ> unsafe farming methods, possibly a deterioration in water quality, problems
JJ> associated with moist food processing and changes in social habitats."
JJ> From Journal of Food Protection: vol. 56 (4) p. 306-312; Kirov et al.;
JJ> Milk as a potential source of Aeromonas gastrointestinal infection.
JJ> "The incidence and properties of Aeromonas species found in milk were
JJ> examined to evaluate the potential of milk, as a vehicle for the
JJ> transmission of Aeromonas gastroenteritis. Aeromonads are common in raw
JJ> milk (60%, 43 of 72 samples, positive). Pasteurization is effective at
JJ> removing this contamination. Nevertheless, around 4% (seven of 183)
JJ> pasteurized milk samples contained potentially significant strains,
JJ> apparently introduced by subsequent handling of the milk. Some of these
JJ> strains were indistinguishable from diarrhea-associated strains and were
JJ> able to produce exotoxins at 37 degrees C and adhere to epithelial cells."
JJ> From Journal of Clinical Microbiology: vol. 29 (5) p.985-989; Wells et
JJ> al.; Isolation of Escherichia coli serotype 0157:H7 and other shiga-like
JJ> toxin-producing E. coli from dairy cattle.
JJ> "We examined 1,266 fecal specimens from healthy cattle during the
JJ> investigations of two sporadic cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome
JJ> associated with raw milk consumption and an outbread of gastroenteritis and
JJ> hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by E.coli 0157:H7. . . .E coli 0157:H7 was
JJ> isolated from 16 heifers or calves and 1 adult cow on 22 farms . . . and 1
JJ> raw milk sample. . . .This investigation demonstrates that dairy cattle are
JJ> a reservoir of E. coli 0157:H7 and other SLTEC."
JJ> (My question: Re: the Cornell study on grainfed vs. grassfed--if a dairy
JJ> cow is grassfed, is her milk free of E. coli 0157:H7?)
JJ> From Food Microbiology: vol. 9 (1) p. 29-36; Krovacek et al.; Prevalence
JJ> and characterization of Aeromonas spp. isolated from foods in Uppsala, Sweden.
JJ> The researchers found pathogenic Aeromonas spp. in 10 of 24 food samples.
JJ> The food types harboring Aeromonas were fish, poultry, beef, and pork. No
JJ> Aeromonas were found in vegetables or raw milk samples.
JJ> From Food Microbiology: vol. 8 (3) p. 171-182; Zottola and Smith;
JJ> Pathogens in cheese.
JJ> "The United States has an excellent record of safety; six outbreaks over a
JJ> period of 40 years in which more than 100 billion pounds of cheese were
JJ> produced. The use of raw milk in the production of cheese, faulty
JJ> pasteurization or equipment, post-processing or cross contamination were
JJ> contributing factors for reported outbreaks. Effective sanitization
JJ> procedures on the farm as well as in the processing plant, the adherence to
JJ> good manufacturing practices in all phases of cheesemaking and
JJ> distribution, skilled management, education of personnel and good personal
JJ> hygiene will assure the cheese industry of a safe and marketable product."
JJ> From Journal of Food Protection: vol. 60 (11) p. 1341-1346; Steele et al.;
JJ> Survey of Ontario bulk tank raw milk for food-borne pathogens.
JJ> Raw (unpasteurized) milk can be a source of food-borne pathogens. Raw milk
JJ> consumption results in sporadic disease outbreaks. Pasteurization is
JJ> designed to destroy all bacterial pathogens common to raw milk, excluding
JJ> spore-forming bacteria and possibly Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, but
JJ> some people continue to drink raw milk, believing it to be safe. Current
JJ> methods for assessing the bacteriological quality of raw milk, such as
JJ> aerobic plate counts, are not usually designed to detect specific
JJ> pathogens. The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of
JJ> pick-ups (loads of raw milk from a single farm bulk tank) from Ontario farm
JJ> bulk tanks that contained Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp.,
JJ> Campylobacter spp., and/or verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC). Samples
JJ> from 1,720 pick-ups of raw milk were tested for the presence of these
JJ> pathogens, and 47 L. monocytogenes, three Salmonella spp., eight
JJ> Campylobacter spp., and 15 VTEC isolates were detected, representing 2.73,
JJ> 0.17, 0.47, and 0.87% of milk samples, respectively. Estimates of the
JJ> proportion of theoretical tanker truck loads of pooled raw milk
JJ> contaminated with pathogens ranged from a low of 0.51% of tankers
JJ> containing raw milk from 3 bulk tanks being contaminated with Salmonella
JJ> spp. to a high of 34.41% of tankers containing raw milk from 10 bulk tanks
JJ> being contaminated with at least one of the pathogens.
JJ> (My comment: They aren't sure if pasteurization kills M.
JJ> paratuberculosis??? BTW, a previous post mentioned Johne's disease. M.
JJ> paratuberculosis is the causative agent for that disease.)
JJ> There's lots more, but this post is getting long--here's one last item I
JJ> found very interesting:
JJ> From Journal of the American Medical Association: vol 257 (1) p. 43-46;
JJ> Blaser et al.; The influence of immunity on raw milk--associated
JJ> Campylobacter infection.
JJ> "A reported outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infection in 19 of 31 college
JJ> students attending a retreat on a farm was found to be due to the first
JJ> time consumption of raw milk. Infection did not occur in students who
JJ> regularly had consumed raw milk; these students were found to have elevated
JJ> levels of antibodies to C. jejuni. A dose relationship was observed for the
JJ> degree of illness and the amount of raw milk consumed."
JJ> Jane Grimsbo Jewett
JJ> Assistant Scientist
JJ> Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics
JJ> University of Minnesota
JJ> 218-845-2832
JJ> jewet006@gold.tc.umn.edu
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