The Center for Sustainable Agricultural Systems (CSAS) in the Institute of
Agriculture and Natural Resources (IANR) at the University of
Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) is an interdisciplinary center formed in 1991 for the
purpose of bringing together people and resources to promote an agriculture
that is efficient, competitive, profitable, environmentally and socially
sustainable for the indefinite future. The electronic version of this
bimonthly newsletter is sent to SANET and PENPages several days before those
on our mailing list receive their hard copy. The newsletters are also
available along with other sustainable ag information on our World Wide Web
page: http://ianrwww.unl.edu/ianr/csas.
Note: The electronic version is not sent to individual e-mail addresses. To
be added to the "hard copy" newsletter mailing list beginning with the next
bimonthly issue (not sent to overseas addresses), or for questions or
comments, contact the newsletter editor, Pam Murray, Coordinator, Center for
Sustainable Agricultural Systems, PO Box 830949, University of Nebraska,
Lincoln, NE 68583-0949, 402-472-2056, fax -4104, e-mail: pmurray1@.unl.edu.
Comments about the content or usefulness of this newsletter are always welcome.
* * *
CONTENTS:
BIOTECHNOLOGY ISSUES DISCUSSED AT NABC MEETING IN LINCOLN
UNIVERSITY ROLE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY: HOW DO WE SUSTAIN FOOD PRODUCTION?
CSAS ISSUES VOLUMES 10 AND 11
SARE MARKETING CONFERENCE IN LINCOLN THIS NOVEMBER
SEPTEMBER 10 IS DEADLINE FOR NCR SARE PREPROPOSALS
NEBRASKA LEGISLATIVE BILLS STUDY MANAGEMENT AND HELP BEGINNING FARMERS/RANCHERS
VOLUNTARY PROGRAM WILL BOOST ORGANIC EXPORTS
CANADA INTRODUCES NATIONAL STANDARD FOR ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
MERRIGAN TO HEAD USDA'S AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE
NOMINATIONS SOUGHT FOR STEWARD OF THE LAND AWARD
THANKS AND FAREWELL, GLEN
RESOURCES
COMING EVENTS
* * *
BIOTECHNOLOGY ISSUES DISCUSSED AT NABC MEETING IN LINCOLN
Multinational corporate control of the seed industry and concentration of
ownership in a few companies were two of the major concerns discussed at the
1999 meeting of the National Agricultural Biotechnology Council titled
"World Food Security and Sustainability: The Impacts of Biotechnology and
Industrial Consolidation." Farmers, researchers, and industry
representatives gathered for three days in June to explore the current and
future challenges raised by new technologies in the bio-transformation of
crop plants using transgenic techniques. In addition to ownership and
control issues, there were questions about who benefits from this
technology, who maintains oversight on the process and represents the public
good, liability for problems, and sustaining food production for the future.
Per-Pinstrup Andersen of the International Food Policy Research Institute
stressed the importance of food for developing countries in the future,
saying that most imported grains will have to come from the U.S., and that
biotechnology will contribute to intensified production on both good lands
and marginal areas. Cornelia Flora from Iowa State University discussed the
social impacts of our current separation of management from ownership in
agriculture, and the reduced linkages between producers and consumers. She
expressed concern about the disconnect of people from their food sources,
and that decisions are currently made for efficiency and stockholder profit
without considering equity of access to food and resources.
Chuck Hassebrook of the Center for Rural Affairs and UNL Regent emphasized
the importance of family farming and how the potentials of global food
production can be met by individual entrepreneurs in this country and
elsewhere. He stressed the importance of rural community and need for
incentives to continually renew our human resources by finding ways to
encourage beginning farmers, and the role of policy in this direction. Fred
Kirschenmann, family farmer from North Dakota, challenged as unlikely the
three claims made by those who promote biotechnology: these technologies
will help farm profitability, they will simplify management with more
environmentally benign systems, and they will help feed people around the
world. In contrast, he believes that feeding the world is a social and not a
production problem, that we continue to pursue a strategy of introducing
external forces to dominate the agricultural environment, and that the farm
share of the food dollar keeps going down and farmers are becoming factory
workers for one of the four large consolidated food companies.
Small group workshops explored the use of biotechnology through discussion
and listing priority issues for the future. There are some biological
concerns such as gene escape and human food safety, but hope that these can
be better understood through more research. Although the benefits of
understanding biological processes are obvious, there was much debate about
who would control this new technology and who would benefit. Some of the
challenges are an over-emphasis on profits at the expense of the public
good, lack of effective public policy debate, reduction of consumer choices,
and potential for accelerating economic inequity. Some argue that these are
social problems unrelated to generation of new technologies, but the general
feeling was that most issues in food systems are interconnected, and we need
to seek agreement on how to use the potentials of these new technologies.
There were several other interesting speakers in addition to those mentioned
above, including Dennis Avery with the Hudson Institute, and many
perspectives represented in the presentations, Q&A, and small group
sessions. Complete copies of the proceedings will be available later this
year from the National Agricultural Biotechnology Council, 419 BTI, Tower
Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, 607-254-4856, NABC@cornell.edu,
http://www.cals.cornell.edu/extension/nabc.
Submitted by Charles Francis and Pam Murray
UNIVERSITY ROLE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY: HOW DO WE SUSTAIN FOOD PRODUCTION?
Fourth in a Series. There is growing debate about the emerging role of
universities in research and applications of biotechnology. Current interest
and investment in production and use of genetically modified organisms
(GMOs) have sparked a revolution in university research laboratories and
fields. Perhaps no single set of new techniques and potential technologies
has caused such a substantial short-term shift in focus of people and
resources in universities. We hope that encouraging debate within the
university community and among our clients will help inform people of the
issues and aid in charting a rational strategy for the future.
Global Food Challenges
Critics and promoters of genetically transformed crops agree on the need for
increased food production in the future, and agree that we must find ways to
achieve this with fewer resources and less negative impact on the
environment. In the past it has been possible to expand food production into
new or underexploited areas, while today these lands are all in use and we
have to intensify production on available acres. The challenge of a growing
human population is compounded by increases in standard of living as well as
changes in food preferences to more meat in the diet, and thus an
accelerating demand for feed grains. With limits to land and resources, we
have to produce more with less.
In a recent biotechnology conference, North Dakota farmer Fred Kirschenmann
questioned whether genetically transformed crops will actually help feed
more people. He quoted Nobel Prize Laureate Amartya Sen, who found that
studies of classic famines through history were caused by lack of "food
entitlement" rather than lack of production. Thus hunger has been caused not
by low levels of production but by people not having sufficient access to
food that is produced. Since hunger is both an economic and social problem,
and not one in agriculture, he argues that new technologies that further
accelerate the differences between rich and poor people will only make the
problem worse in the future. Kirschenmann cites as an example the production
and export of soybeans from Brazil—an activity that generates export income
for the government and a few wealthy farmers, but diverts food from the
local supply and causes an increase in malnutrition. Thus the challenge of
meeting global food needs is far more complex than just producing more on
the farm or reducing production expenses.
Are Higher Yields Possible?
If one of the major challenges is to increase crop yields on available
arable land, we must address the question of increased land productivity. To
date most genetic transformation research has been directed at resistance to
insects, tolerance to herbicides, and quality traits such as crop storage
life. Relatively greater success can be achieved in these traits because
they are often under simple genetic control, i.e., one or a small number of
genes control the expression of this characteristic of the plants. When we
start breeding for increased yields, we learn quickly that this is dependent
on complex inheritance patterns; yield is determined by many genes and their
interactions in the plant, as well as their interactions with the
surrounding environment and growth conditions. Thus it is not unexpected
that yield is more difficult to influence through changes in one or a few
genes. New techniques in biotechnology have made minimal contributions to
increasing yield potential of major food crops, where traditional plant
breeding methods have already moved yields onto a high plateau near the
physiological potential of these species. Where yield advances have been
made in crops, they are due to removal of a single yield-limiting factor
such as resistance to a major pest problem. Biotechnology is not a panacea
for increasing yields.
Should the U.S. Sustain the World's Food Supply?
Several questions must be asked that relate to this large issue of U.S.
contributions to global food supply: Can the U.S. continue to export food
for the long term? What is the long-term cost of this export of food? Who in
the U.S. and elsewhere benefit from exports?
The U.S. currently contributes more than any other single country to total
global trade in basic grains and legumes. The Chicago Board of Trade
essentially sets the world market price for most commodities. This export
potential is based on a large reserve of fertile land and high level of
capitalization in agriculture that reduces labor costs to a minimum.
WorldWatch Institute estimates that we currently have about 1.8 acres per
person of productive farmland in the U.S. With current rates of population
growth from births and immigration and farmland loss to urbanization, this
will be reduced to 1.2 acres per person within one generation, by 2020.
Including projections of increased production due to better science and
technology, by 2020 this land area will be sufficient to support our own
population at the current standard of living with no exports of food.
Extrapolating another generation into the future, by 2050 there will be 0.6
acres per person—only half the land needed to support our own population.
Our potential for export of food in the future must be examined carefully.
The long-term cost of the current high levels of production must be
evaluated in terms of soil and air quality, use of non-renewable natural
resources, preservation of the production potential, and incentives to farm.
We still experience serious erosion of soil and nutrients from agricultural
lands, in spite of major advances in soil management. Agriculture is highly
dependent on fossil fuels and other materials for which we have few viable
alternatives with today's technology. Cumulative losses of soil and other
natural resources soon put us in a tenuous situation for producing enough
food for our own country, even without exports to others. And the U.S. has
yet to design a farming and food policy that keeps people on the land and
encourages new farmers to get involved. Land and resource consolidation
creates a large, non-involved, minimum-wage class of farm workers with
little equity in the process or long-term commitment to conservation for the
future.
Current beneficiaries of the food export industry include the major
multinational food companies, large chemical and biotechnology corporations,
and other suppliers of inputs and services to this industry. Farmers
increasingly play an important but minor role in a business where contracts
specify crops and technologies, and decision making moves from the manager
at the field and family level to that of the owners. Many farmers view
biotechnology advances as further locking them into this industrial mode of
farming, and see the new seed technologies as one more incentive to
homogenization and consolidation in farming. An export-based agriculture and
global food system are insensitive to local needs and concerns, and there is
further disconnect between people and their food supply. In recipient
countries, there is added insecurity with increased dependence on food
imports. A viable goal for most countries should be a high degree of
self-reliance in food, while still finding a logical level of participation
in the global trade system. In many food import situations, there are
reduced incentives for local farmers and food processors who cannot compete
with the efficiency of larger producers. Classical economics suggests that
the market will sort this out. It is difficult to convince a hungry family
in the Third World that the global economy will somehow take care of them.
Because of the many unresolved issues in how to best sustain global food
production, we need to take a creative approach to development and rational
use of technologies to increase both productivity in agriculture and
people's access to food. There is little evidence that new advances in
biotechnology will provide higher yields, nor reverse the global
consolidation of resources that will further undermine the well-being of the
poor. Most analysts suggest that these technologies will only accelerate the
forces that separate the "haves" from the "have nots."
Submitted by Charles Francis
CSAS ISSUES VOLUMES 10 AND 11
Small Farming Systems for the Midwest and Reintegrating Agriculture and
Community in the Midwest is the tenth in the series, Extension and Education
Materials for Sustainable Agriculture, published by the Center for
Sustainable Agricultural Systems (CSAS). The 166-page volume, edited by
Richard Olson and Lisa Bauer, contains the proceedings of a 20-session
seminar series held Fall 1998 and Spring 1999 at the University of
Nebraska-Lincoln.
The series was designed to showcase farmers and other participants in the
food system who are successfully pursuing local, equitable, and sustainable
strategies. The credibility of these alternatives comes from their
successful implementation in the real world.
The Fall 1998 series titled "Small Farming Systems for the Midwest" examined
alternative farming systems that are able to remain economically viable
without becoming large. Farmers from five states described successful
systems including market gardens, agroforestry, diversified crop/livestock,
and even a winery—perhaps the ultimate on-farm value-added enterprise.
The Spring 1999 series, "Reintegrating Agriculture and Community in the
Midwest," explored approaches to providing a more supportive environment for
small farms through the relocalization of agriculture and the development of
stronger ties between agriculture
and the community. A successful local food system has to be a partnership
between urban and rural, producer and consumer. Community Supported
Agriculture, farmers' markets, urban gardens, and other mechanisms for
developing partnerships are described by those who have worked with them.
Other topics include strategies for preserving farmland from urban sprawl,
and legal issues in direct farm marketing.
Note: Information on ordering videos of the seminars is available at
http://ianrwww.unl.edu/ianr/csas/majorsem.htm
Also edited by Richard Olson is Volume 11, Urbanization of Rural Landscapes:
Syllabus and Teaching Materials from a University Course. The 335-page
volume describes a multi-disciplinary course, Urbanization of Rural
Landscapes, developed and taught at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL)
this past spring. The course was designed so that students would be able to:
- describe the major factors influencing land use decisions in the U.S.;
- describe the patterns and consequences of land conversion in the US.;
- identify alternatives to sprawl and other typical development patterns;
- access internet and other sources of information on land use policy and
farmland preservation;
- demonstrate a familiarity with land use planning tools, policies, and
procedures;
- describe trends in urbanization and land use in the Lincoln/Omaha area;
- participate in and contribute to community debates on land use issues.
The book contains the course syllabus and associated teaching materials
including exercises, exams, selected readings, and references. It is
organized chronologically with the materials grouped by week. Each section
begins with a brief overview of themes and objectives for the week, and a
description of the materials presented in the section. It provides useful
ideas to instructors who want to design a course on this topic or modify an
existing course. Also, the reference materials may be of value to people
interested in farmland and open-space preservation and land use issues.
Chapter contents of Volumes 10 and 11 as well as information on other
publications of the CSAS can be found at
http://ianrwww.unl.edu/ianr/csas/reports.htm.
To order, send a check payable to the University of Nebraska for US$10.00
per volume (note which volume(s) you are ordering) to: Center for
Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Nebraska, PO Box 830949,
Lincoln NE 68583-0949. (Price includes s&h in US; for air book rate to
Canada, add $5; air rate to other countries, check with the CSAS office—this
applies to all volumes in the series.) For questions, contact the CSAS
office, 402-472-2056, csas003@unlvm.unl.edu.
SARE MARKETING CONFERENCE IN LINCOLN THIS NOVEMBER
The North Central Region Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education
(SARE) program is offering a hands-on alternative marketing conference,
"Developing Alternative Agricultural Marketing Skills for the New
Millennium," November 19-20, 1999, in Lincoln, Nebraska. Producers,
educators, nonprofit groups, retail and wholesale food representatives, food
processors, restauranteurs, and general consumers will share information on
making more direct connections between farm gates and dinner plates to
support healthier people, farms and communities.
Two keynote speakers are Kansas rancher Diana Endicott, who direct markets
her cooperatively produced "natural beef" to Kansas City grocery stores, and
Wisconsin farmer Richard DeWilde, who sells horticultural products through
community-supported agriculture, farmers' markets, and other high-value,
innovative marketing avenues. The conference will also showcase innovative
alternative marketing strategies through workshops and poster and display
sessions. Registration fee includes a legal guide for direct farm marketing
by Neil Hamilton—who will also conduct a workshop on this topic, and a
marketing resource notebook.
For details on the program, registration, exhibiting, co-sponsoring, or
travel scholarships for farmers, contact Lisa Bauer at 402-472-0265,
lbauer1@unl.edu. The Web site will be updated as more information becomes
available, http://www.unl.edu/conted/acpp/sare.
SEPTEMBER 10 IS DEADLINE FOR NCR SARE PREPROPOSALS
The USDA's North Central Region Sustainable Agriculture Research and
Education program is calling for innovative researchers, educators,
institutions and organizations to apply for competitive grants that will
boost producers' profits, protect the environment and support healthy
communities. Approximately $1.3 million will be available in 2000 to fund
creative projects addressing long-term enhancement of food and fiber systems
in the 12-state
region. Applications are available by contacting the NCR SARE office at
402-472-7081, ncrsare@unl.edu, http://www.sare.org/ncrsare.
VOLUNTARY PROGRAM WILL BOOST ORGANIC EXPORTS
The USDA's Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) has established a voluntary,
fee-for-service program to verify that organic certification agencies in the
United States comply with the requirements of the International Organization
for Standardization, facilitating exports of U.S. organic agricultural
products to the European Union. Effective in June the program will verify
that state and private organic certifying agencies are operating third-party
certification systems in a consistent and reliable manner, enabling their
acceptance on an international basis.
The new program does not provide for national standards governing the
marketing of organically produced agricultural commodities or products, and
differs substantially from the proposed National Organic Program.
To be assessed under this program, an organic certifying agency would submit
an application requesting such assessment from AMS and also submit to AMS
for review and evaluation, a manual documenting the organic certifying
agency's quality system and certification procedures used to certify organic
producers and handlers. There are currently 11 state and 33 private organic
certifying agencies providing certification for organic agricultural
products in the United States.
The rule announcing the program was published in the Federal Register on
June 10 and is available on the Internet at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara
in the Federal Register for that date, under "Program To Assess Organic
Certifying Agencies."
Source: Alternative Agriculture News, July 1999, published by the Wallace
Institute.
MERRIGAN TO HEAD USDA'S AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE
Kathleen Merrigan, the Wallace Institute's senior policy analyst for the
past five years, is the new administrator of the USDA's Agricultural
Marketing Service. Merrigan was formerly an aide to Sen. Patrick Leahy
(D-VT) when he served as chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee. She
has been a member of the National Organic Standards Board since 1993.
"Same agenda, different location," said Merrigan. "This is a great
opportunity to go back inside government and work with an agency responsible
for many of the issues at the forefront of sustainable agriculture, notably
the new organic standards, farmers markets, farmers' cooperatives, mandatory
price reporting, and pesticide data collection."
Source: Alternative Agriculture News, June 1999, published by the Wallace
Institute.
THANKS AND FAREWELL, GLEN
Glen Vollmar, CSAS Interim Director, officially retired June 30 (although
we'll see him on campus two days a week this year). Thanks to Glen for his
contributions this past year! Charles Francis returned from his sabbatic in
June and has resumed the CSAS Director position.
NOMINATIONS SOUGHT FOR STEWARD OF THE LAND AWARD
American Farmland Trust seeks nominations for the 2000 Steward of the Land
Award, given annually to the American farmer or farm family who demonstrates
outstanding land stewardship and leadership at the national, state, and
local levels. The winner will be presented with the award early next year
and will receive a $10,000 cash stipend. Nominations must be received by
mail or fax by Monday, November 1. For nomination kits and more information,
contact Matthew Snyder or Robyn Miller at AFT, 202-331-7300 ext. 3044,
http://www.farmland.org.
NEBRASKA LEGISLATIVE BILLS STUDY MANAGEMENT AND HELP BEGINNING FARMERS/RANCHERS
The following two bills were passed by the 96th Nebraska Legislature.
LB 730 creates an Agricultural Structure Assessment Task Force. The task
force will study: the types and management forms of Nebraska agricultural
operations; past, present and future trends of ownership of land, equipment
and capital in production agriculture; and agricultural product market
dynamics. The objective of the task force is to recommend legislation that
will help to achieve a balance among various types of agricultural entities.
LB 630 allows a credit against state income tax liability for an owner of
agricultural land, livestock, buildings or machinery who rents those assets
for three years to a qualified beginning farmer or rancher. The credit,
which begins in 2001, will be equal to 5% of the gross rental income on the
rental agreement. The credit will be refundable, which means that if the
credit were larger than the taxpayer's total tax liability, the taxpayer
would receive the difference. A seven-member board will oversee the program.
CANADA INTRODUCES NATIONAL STANDARD FOR ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
On June 29 the Government of Canada unveiled a new National Standard of
Canada for Organic Agriculture—a step that will clarify what the "organic"
in organic agriculture means. The standard outlines principles for organic
agriculture that endorse production and management practices that contribute
to the quality and sustainability of the environment and ensure the ethical
treatment of livestock. Among its provisions, the standard:
- prohibits use of ionizing radiation in the preservation of food;
- prohibits use of genetically engineered or modified organisms;
- encourages maximum use of recycling;
- encourages maximum rotation of crops and promotion of biodiversity.
To see an abstract or to order a copy of the National Standard of Canada for
Organic Agriculture, which will be listed as CAN/CGSB-32.310, see
http://www.pwgsc.gc.ca/cgsb.
RESOURCES
The Economics of Organic Grain and Soybean Production in the Midwestern
United States. $15. New study shows farm profits from organic cropping
systems can equal or exceed profits from conventional rotations in the
Midwest. Wallace Institute, 9200 Edmonston Rd., #117, Greenbelt, MD
20770-1551, 301-441-8777, hawiaa@access.digex.net. Also available online at
the Institute's Web site, http://www.hawiaa.org.
The Natural Foods Market: A National Survey of Strategies for Growth,
Executive Summary, April 1999. Free. Results from over 300 interviews of
food industry businesses, including farmers, manufacturers, wholesalers and
retail supermarkets. Analyzes current trends and major obstacles as well as
successful business strategies in natural foods market. Full report US$50
for non-profits and $150 for businesses. Wallace Institute (see above).
Swine Sourcebook: Alternatives for Pork Production. $17.50 + $4 s&h.
Comprehensive guide for sustainable swine production, incl. hoop structures,
Swedish deep bedding, pasture systems, low antibiotic use, and marketing. U.
of Minnesota College of Agriculture, Distribution Center, 20 Coffee Hall,
1420 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108-6069, 1-800-876-8636.
Marketing Sustainable Agriculture: Case Studies and Analysis from Europe.
$15. Highlights successful marketing initiatives and analyzes why they are
successful. Based on tour of six countries and symposium in Fall 1998.
Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, 2105 First Ave. South,
Minneapolis, MN 55404, 612-870-3411, vtran@iatp.org.
Nebraska Rural Response Hotline. Provides financial, legal, mediation, and
counseling services to Nebraska farm, ranch, and rural residents.
1-800-464-0258.
Reclaiming our Rural Heritage: A Time to Act. $10. Examines changing
structures of farming, livestock production, and rural community life.
Catholic Charities, Attn: Marilyn Murphy, Box 1342, Sioux City, IA 51102,
712-255-4346.
The USDA National Agroforestry Center has free resource materials describing
how agroforestry is of value in educational programs addressing issues
related to agricultural and food systems sustainability. One example is
"Agroforestry for Farms and Ranches," a 26-page technical note describing
the use of tree and shrub practices in agricultural land use settings. A new
series of "Working Trees" brochures has also been released for: Agriculture,
Livestock, Wildlife, and Communities. To obtain more information about the
NAC or to order publications, see http://www.unl.edu/nac or contact Nancy
Hammond, National Agroforestry Center, East Campus-UNL, Lincoln, NE
68583-0822, 402-437-5178, ext 24.
New Web site dedicated to agricultural applications of biotechnology,
http://www.biotech-info.net.
COMING EVENTS
Contact CSAS office for more information.
1999
Aug. 7 – Specialty Crops Field Day, Lincoln, NE
Aug. 24 – Alternative Ag Expo: Diverse Systems that Work, South Sioux City, NE
Oct. 12-15 – Second National Small Farm Conference: Building Partnerships
for the 21st Century, St. Louis, MO, http://www.luce.lincolnu.edu/nsfc/
Oct. 20-23 – North American Chapter Association for Farming Systems Research
and Extension (AFSR/E) Biennial Meeting – Sustaining Agriculture in the 21st
Century: Thinking "Outside the Box," Guelph, Ontario, CA,
http://www.oac.uoguelph.ca/FSR/
Nov. 19-20 – Developing Agricultural Marketing Skills for the New
Millennium, Lincoln, NE
2000
Jan. 5-6 – Mid-America Fruit Growers Conference, St. Joseph, MO
Jan. 7-8 – Great Plains Regional Vegetable Conference, St. Joseph, MO
For additional events, see:
http://www.sare.org/wreg/view_notice_adm.pl
http://www.agnic.org/mtg/
# # #
***********************
Pam Murray, Coordinator
Center for Grassland Studies and
Center for Sustainable Agricultural Systems
PO Box 830949
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, NE 68583-0949
phone: 402-472-9383
fax: 402-472-4104
e-mail: pmurray1@unl.edu
http://ianrwww.unl.edu/ianr/cgs
http://ianrwww.unl.edu/ianr/csas
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