May-June 1999 CSAS Newsletter
The Center for Sustainable Agricultural Systems (CSAS) in the Institute of
Agriculture and Natural Resources (IANR) at the University of
Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) is an interdisciplinary center formed in 1991 for the
purpose of bringing together people and resources to promote an agriculture
that is efficient, competitive, profitable, environmentally and socially
sustainable for the indefinite future. The electronic version of this
bimonthly newsletter is sent to SANET and PENPages several days before those
on our mailing list receive their hard copy. The newsletters are also
available along with other sustainable ag information on our World Wide Web
page: http://ianrwww.unl.edu/ianr/csas.
Note: The electronic version is not sent to individual e-mail addresses. To
be added to the "hard copy" newsletter mailing list beginning with the next
bimonthly issue (not sent to overseas addresses), or for questions or
comments, contact the newsletter editor, Pam Murray, Coordinator, Center for
Sustainable Agricultural Systems, PO Box 830949, University of Nebraska,
Lincoln, NE 68583-0949, 402-472-2056, fax -4104, e-mail: pmurray1@unl.edu.
Comments about the content or usefulness of this newsletter are always
welcome.
* * *
CONTENTS:
THE FARMER AND THE DEAN
UNIVERSITY ROLE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY: WHO OWNS GENES AND DIVERSITY?
CSAS VOLUME 9 DISCUSSES WATERSHEDS
SARE APPOINTS PAULA FORD NORTH CENTRAL PDP COORDINATOR
POLICY PROJECT IDENTIFIES RETENTION OF FARMS AND FARMLAND AS TOP PRIORITIES
OLSON HEADS TO KENTUCKY
ORGANIC GRAIN FARMING WORKSHOPS
TWO ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE CONFERENCES IN MIDWEST
RESOURCES
COMING EVENTS
DID YOU KNOW?
* * *
THE FARMER AND THE DEAN
It must be in the water. Yes, now that I think back on it, there must be
something in the water of Virginia to produce such brilliantly original and
crystal-clear visionaries as Joel Salatin and William McDonough. Very
different people, coming from wholly different backgrounds, deducing and
applying the same general principles to completely different endeavors. The
land that produced Thomas Jefferson and Meriweather Lewis continues to give
us innovation and direction for the future.
Salatin is widely known to graziers and holistic thinkers. He is a
down-home, no nonsense farmer/philosopher with strong Christian roots. His
special gift is creating and then linking disparate enterprises to achieve
clearly defined ecological, economic, and family goals for the farm. I've
heard him speak several times, and have read his books - Pastured Poultry
Profits, Salad Bar Beef, and You Can Farm - rejoicing each time in his
out-of-the-box insights and gracious manner of sharing.
McDonough, Dean of the School of Architecture at the University of Virginia,
was unknown to me when I walked into his keynote address at a conference
earlier this year. Tall and spare, where Salatin is compact and wiry.
Erudite and worldly, where Salatin is plain-spoken and earthy. Anecdotes
from Wal-Mart and Nike vs. pig-fishing and eggmobiles. But underneath it
all, these two must have been born under the same star (or perhaps it was
that Virginia water) because their message is the same:
a. A healthy system is one that is designed to internalize flows, and in so
doing, to capture ecological and economic synergies while eliminating (not
just reducing) adverse off-site impacts.
b. If it doesn't make money, don't do it. Entrepreneurship personified.
Period.
c. Just do it. Both are "can-do" people, who walk the walk, as well as talk
the talk. Both celebrate human creativity, in themselves and in others. Each
has an impressive record of up-and-walking achievements, testifying to the
real-world applicability of their other-worldly ideas.
d. Love, respect, and honor are central. Salatin is one of the very few
speakers I've ever heard who unashamedly puts his family - and yours - front
and center. He says that you can't farm sustainably if you don't grow the
next generation of farmers and give them the skills and perspective to value
their heritage. How very true, but how many of us conceptualize and then
constructively enact it? McDonough's guiding principle is to design systems
that "love the children - all the earth's children, all species, for all
time, free from intergenerational tyranny." However, unlike many well known
orators, his design prescription is more than sage words. He employs it as a
powerful, intellectual screen, serving clients with a combined annual gross
income of $400 billion. Does a system that applies millions of pounds of
toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and/or teratogenic compounds to millions of
hectares of farmland "love the children for all time?" Some systems generate
more energy than they consume - via passive solar and other technologies.
Others produce more oxygen than they use - with built-in greenhouse/aquatic
systems to purify wastes and release oxygen as well as CO2. Yet others are
so well designed that they can release their effluent upstream from
themselves - effluent that is now so clean that there is no risk of harming
the occupants. These are examples of systems that "love all the children,
all species, for all time."
e. Humility in all things. Brilliance without pretense. Genius bereft of
guile. As someone who works in an academic environment, I find this alone
worth the price of admission.
Imagine it - farsighted people, acting humbly and reverently, deriving
universal design principles from systems as diverse as a family farm and a
textile factory.
In a few, well-chosen, breathtakingly evocative words, McDonough said that
"regulations are an indication of design failure." He noted that if
regulations are needed so that we "kill each other less quickly," then we
need to go back to first principles and rethink the system itself. This is
exactly what Salatin has done. Deep change is needed - not tinkering and
refinement to comply with regulations.
The sense of this vision is well captured in Steingraber's powerful metaphor
from which the title of her book, Living Downstream, is drawn. She describes
the perplexity of villagers on a hypothetical river who see an increasing
number of drowning people floating by. The villagers become increasingly
adept at rescuing these unfortunates, devising all manner of sophisticated
technologies for retrieval and resuscitation. However, they are so busy
saving the drowning victims that they don't have time to go upstream and see
who is pushing them in.
In a very real sense, this is precisely what has happened to agriculture
today. What an inordinate waste of human creativity and natural resources -
quantifying allowable levels of biocide residue down to the nanogram level
instead of pursuing the exhilaration of designing farming systems that don't
need them in the first place. The real legacy of organic farming is not
simply a means of producing healthy food, but as a design model for
channelling natural processes to the service of humanity, based not on
problem solving but on problem avoidance.
Roy Berg and Mick Price, then Dean and Associate Dean of the College of
Agriculture and Forestry at the University of Alberta, wrote an article for
the February 1992 issue of Cattleman magazine, an issue that is
traditionally devoted to profiling innovative producer approaches to solving
calving problems. They said:
"A visitor from outer space reading the February calving issue of Cattlemen
for the past few years could be forgiven for thinking that pregnancy is a
disease that breaks out seasonally in our cow herds and can be only be cured
by an invasive procedure called 'calving'."
Berg and Price argued that many of the problems addressed by the
producer-contributors were in fact caused by simply layering one linear
technology upon another without addressing the root cause of the problem in
the first place. For example, rather than accept that difficult calving was
caused by a mistake in
* first generation technology - intentionally choosing a bull that throws
large calves, and breeding for late winter calving to boost fall weaning
weights, producers tended to apply
* second generation technology - an improved calf puller which produces an
exhausted cow and a cold, weak, and listless calf, unable to stand and suck,
calling forth
* third generation technologies - calf heaters, medication to ward off
stress-induced illness, colostrum warmers, and calf movers.
"Pretty soon, we've got technology piled on top of technology trying to
solve problems that we wouldn't have if we had carefully examined the
technology we were using in the first place" (Berg and Price, 1992). These
respected cattlemen and academics then outlined the economic and logistical
benefits of a system that mimics nature. Timing calving to coincide with the
flush of spring growth instead of the deadly cold of late winter vests
responsibility for a healthy calf directly in the cow - where it belongs -
instead of compelling producer intervention with more technology. The intent
of their design was to avoid the need for remedial technologies in the first
place, just as McDonough's designs avoid the need for regressive
regulations.
Another succinct gem from the pen of McDonough is "food=waste." Can there be
a human on the planet who exemplifies this better than Salatin, with his use
of pigs for in-situ composting of beef manure and chickens for sanitizing
parasites on pasture? In McDonough's world, food=waste translates into two
parallel but non-overlapping metabolisms - one of "technical" nutrients, as
the parts of a TV or carpet, and the other of "biological" nutrients that
are decomposable. So long as the two metabolisms are isolated from each
other, the "nutrients" in each are infinitely recyclable. No waste is
generated because, in his words, you eliminate the very concept of waste.
Neat trick, eh?
So, I'm thinking that we should take the hard-won lessons so freely offered
by these folks and create a new enterprise for the next Industrial
Revolution. Why don't we bottle up that water and spread the gift around to
those of us who don't live in Virginia? Powerful principles, generalizable
across the breadth of human enterprise, revealing designs that are universal
and robust. So simple, yet so profound.
Submitted by E. Ann Clark, Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph,
ON CANADA (aclark@plant.uoguelph.ca)
UNIVERSITY ROLE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY: WHO OWNS GENES AND DIVERSITY?
Third in a Series. There is growing debate about the emerging role of
universities in research and applications of biotechnology. Current interest
and investment in production and use of genetically modified organisms
(GMOs) have sparked a revolution in university research laboratories and
fields. Perhaps no single set of new techniques and potential technologies
has caused such a substantial short-term shift in focus of people and
resources in universities. We hope that encouraging debate within the
university community and among our clients will help inform people of the
issues and aid in charting a rational strategy for the future.
Ownership of Genetic Material
"Who owns nature? Scientists are ransacking the jungles and rain forests for
tomorrow's miracle drugs," began the cover story of the November 30, 1998
international edition of Time Magazine. The article deals with potential
cures for malaria and prevention of cancer, yet the same question has been
raised about genetic resources for our major food crops. Since the rapid
growth of plant patents began in Europe and the U.S., the question has come
up: Who owns the original germplasm or sources - the raw materials needed
for improving our crops?
Nebraska's five major crops come from the far corners of the globe: corn
from Mexico, soybean from China, wheat and alfalfa from the Crimea and
Mediterranean regions, and sorghum from Ethiopia. Our only native crop is
sunflower. Some biotechnologists argue today that genetic variation can be
created in the laboratory, and this minimizes the need for plant exploration
or gene banks for the future. Practical plant breeders argue that genetic
collections in storage and cultivars still to be discovered will continue to
provide the basis for improved varieties and hybrids of today's crops as
well as the new species important for food in the future. So ownership of
these genetic stocks is vital, and we have an interest in keeping them
available. The same is true in Scandinavia where most crops have distant
centers of origin.
Different Natural Resources
Our major natural resource in the Midwest is fertile farmland. Our economic
success is based on this resource that we exploit through efficient farming
and ranching to produce food for ourselves and for export. The resource is
"place bound" in the sense that it cannot be exported, although we do send
thousands of tons of topsoil down the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers each
year. The nature of our resource makes it difficult for us to understand the
needs of people in a tropical location where their major resource may be
genetic materials that are of interest to the rest of the world. These
genetic resources once discovered and exported are gone forever, and there
is no continuing benefit to those who have lived with and protected those
resources for centuries. The global industrial model based on possession and
ownership, even protected by patents and law, ignores the local human
dimension. The moral issue is: Should anyone own nature?
What is Being Done?
Plant patenting has become a major issue for the improvement of crops over
the past three decades. Patents are obviously important to protect a large
research investment in development of new crop varieties. Commercial success
allows the scientific advances to be passed on to farmers, bringing
varieties that are resistant to pests and pathogens or with superior
nutritional value to reduce costs of production or increase the value of the
farm product. Critics argue that patents have discouraged the exchange of
genetic resources among plant breeders, making it more difficult to pool the
collective knowledge and expertise in developing varieties that will benefit
a wider range of farmers and consumers. The international research centers,
current keepers of a large proportion of the world's genetic resources for
major food crops, have recently adopted a policy of patenting their
collections to keep them available to plant breeders around the world rather
allowing them to be locked up. This is an innovative way to deal with the
challenge of maintaining access to germplasm resources. The opposite
approach is illustrated by the highly publicized 'terminator gene'
technology that kills the embryo of a seed planted by the farmer, thus
preventing replanting and locking in a purchase of new seed every season
from the same company.
These are issues in the genetic improvement of crops that have no simple
solutions. What is important is to add the social, ethical and moral
dimensions to the debate and widen the discussion beyond immediate economic
gains. Is genetic material a commodity that should be locked up for
commercial exploitation, or is this a resource that belongs to all? Should
that resource benefit the people in the place from which it comes? The
debate continues...
Next Newsletter: How do we sustain food production?
Submitted by Charles Francis (CSAS director on professional development
leave) and Geir Lieblein, NLH, Norway
CSAS VOLUME 9 DISCUSSES WATERSHEDS
Facing a Watershed: Managing Profitable and Sustainable Landscapes in the
21st Century is the ninth in the series, Extension and Education Materials
for Sustainable Agriculture, published by the CSAS. The 261-page volume,
edited by Heidi Carter, Richard Olson and Charles Francis, contains
materials from the North Central SARE Professional Development Program
workshops held in summer 1998.
The watershed is a place within which a sustainable agriculture can take
root. Sustainable agriculture is based upon a knowledge of place, of the
particular soils, plants, climate, and people that comprise a farm and
community and landscape of which the farm is a part. Without local
knowledge, places erode-literally, in the movement of soil from fields to
streams, and figuratively, in the decay of community, and the alienation of
different groups of people.
Americans are increasingly transient, rarely living in one place long enough
to come to know it or to care about it. Ian McHarg refers to a generation of
"asphalt people" with no knowledge of natural systems and processes. Not
everyone has accepted this loss of local knowledge and a sense of place.
Volume 9 contains many stories of people who have reconnected with their
watersheds and in so doing strengthened their agriculture, environment, and
communities. From their successes, failures, and hard-won lessons comes a
tool kit for educating, facilitating, and organizing. Chapter contents of
Volume 9 as well as information on other publications of the CSAS can be
found at http://ianrwww.unl.edu/ianr/csas/reports.htm.
To order, send a check payable to the University of Nebraska for $10.00 US
(note it is for Volume 9) to: Center for Sustainable Agricultural Systems,
U. Nebraska, PO Box 830949, Lincoln, NE 68583-0949. (Price includes s&h in
U.S.; for air book rate to Canada, add $5; air rate to other countries,
check with the CSAS office - this applies to all volumes in the series). For
questions, contact the CSAS office, 402-472-2056, csas003@unlvm.unl.edu.
SARE APPOINTS PAULA FORD NORTH CENTRAL PDP COORDINATOR
The North Central Region (NCR) Sustainable Agriculture Research and
Education (SARE) program announces the appointment of Paula Ford as the new
Professional Development Program (PDP) coordinator effective June 1, 1999.
Ford, who will be housed at Kansas State University, will help network
educators, facilitate multi-state and regional educational programs,
integrate SARE research results into educational programming, identify
farmer and nonprofit leaders to teach agricultural educators, and collect
and disseminate SARE educational materials on a region-wide basis.
The mission of the NCR PDP is to transfer sustainable agriculture
information from Cooperative Extension, Natural Resources Conservation
Service (NRCS) and other agricultural personnel to farmers and ranchers.
POLICY PROJECT IDENTIFIES RETENTION OF FARMS AND FARMLAND AS TOP PRIORITIES
Local working groups participating in the five-year Agriculture Policy
Project of the Wallace Institute for Alternative Agriculture have listed
their top agricultural concerns as the loss of farms and farmland, and the
need for increased marketing opportunities. The first phase of the project,
now in progress, consists of local farm policy roundtables in 12 communities
around the country. The goal is to bring together farmers, local officials,
business leaders, and others to identify critical food and
agriculture-related challenges in their communities, and to develop and
implement workable solutions.
The needs for policy change from all 12 local roundtables, several regional
meetings, and a national meeting will be the starting point for the
development of new local and national policy recommendations to be presented
to the Administration and Congress. At the same time, the Agriculture Policy
Project will fund local projects to implement the recommendations of the
roundtables.
In addition to farmland preservation and marketing opportunities, other
policy issues under discussion include effects of agriculture on air
quality, reconnecting farming to communities, agricultural diversification,
new farmers, inner city food access, and watershed impacts.
For more information, see http://www.hawiaa.org/wagpol.html.
OLSON HEADS TO KENTUCKY
Many of you have come to know Richard Olson through his involvement in the
SARE PDP workshops and the books (Under the Blade, Exploring the Role of
Diversity in Sustainable Agriculture) that he co-edited while working on his
PhD degree at UNL. Olson spent the past year as a postdoc on several
projects, including organizing the 1998-99 CSAS seminar series on
alternative farming systems and reintegrating agriculture and community, and
teaching a new course he co-designed on urbanization of rural landscapes. In
July he becomes Director of the new Sustainability and Environmental Studies
(SENS) Program at Berea College. The SENS Program facilitates the
integration of sustainability themes throughout the college curriculum, and
promotes structural and functional changes that increase the sustainability
of the college. As Director, Olson will serve as a resource person for
faculty seeking to include sustainability issues in their teaching, provide
faculty development opportunities, and develop linkages between the SENS
Program and off-campus organizations that address sustainability issues. He
will also advise students in the Sustainability Minor, teach several
courses, and develop experiential learning opportunities for students. After
July 12, his address will be Director; SENS Program, Berea College, Berea,
KY 40404. We thank him for his service to CSAS, and wish him well in his new
position.
ORGANIC GRAIN FARMING WORKSHOPS
The University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension, the Nebraska Sustainable
Agriculture Society, and the Center for Rural Affairs will be holding
organic grain farming workshops this summer. These workshops will look at
the organic weed management, crop rotations, markets, and soil fertility
practices of Nebraska's organic farmers. A representative of the Organic
Crop Improvement Association will also be present to talk about the organic
certification process. The workshops will take place on organic farms and
several organic farmers will be present to answer questions. Three workshops
have been scheduled for the following dates and locations: August 9th near
Randolph, August 14th near Aurora, and August 17th near Clarkson. For more
information contact Extension Educator Andy McGuire, 402-254-2280,
amcguire1@unl.edu.
TWO ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE CONFERENCES IN MIDWEST
Want to know about producing and marketing alternative and value-added
agricultural products? Two events this year can help.
Alternative Ag Expo: Diverse Systems that Work will be held in Sioux City,
Iowa on August 24. Speakers include Joel Salatin of Virginia, Dick Thompson
of Iowa, and Jim Gerrish of Missouri. Contact the CSAS for details.
The NCR SARE program is organizing Developing Agricultural Marketing Skills
for the New Millennium, to be held November 19-20 in Lincoln, Nebraska. More
details on this event will be in the July-August CSAS Newsletter.
RESOURCES
Amaranth Production Manual for the Central United States: a guide to growing
and marketing. $6. High Plains Ag Lab, 3257 Rd. 109, Sidney, NE 69162,
308-254-3918, phrc031@unlvm.unl.edu. Make checks out to University of
Nebraska.
Sharing the Harvest: A Guide to Community-Supported Agriculture. $24.95. The
product of a partnership with Northeast SARE and Chelsea Green Publishing,
this book offers case histories, pointers, models, and strategies for
starting and running a CSA. Order from Chelsea Green, 800-639-4099.
In a new campaign titled "Farming for Profit, Stewardship & Community," USDA
is reaching out to producers and USDA employees by providing 'tip sheets' on
top resources available on major topics: soil quality, pest prevention,
organic production, livestock costs, weed management, crop diversification,
planning, networking, and agroforestry. This campaign is part of USDA's
efforts to implement the recommendations of the National Commission on
Small Farms. Thousands of copies of the tip sheets will be distributed
across the country, through USDA field offices and local organizations. For
copies of the set of 10 tip sheets, contact Valerie Berton at 301- 405-3186,
vberton@wam.umd.edu. The tip sheets are also online at
http://www.sare.org/tipsheet/index.htm. For more educational resources,
see http://www.sare.org/htdocs/dev/education.html.
Other web sites of interest:
Union of Concerned Scientists - deals with biotechnology in agriculture,
industrial and sustainable agriculture, http://www.ucsusa.org/agriculture/.
Whole Farm Planning - covers systems management for farmers and those who
work with farmers, http://www.misa.umn.edu/~mnproj/wfp/index.htm.
Women In Agriculture Network - learn about the organization, read its
newsletters, join a listserv, and more, http://www.wia.usda.gov/.
Organic Consumer Association - provides overview of OCA's programs,
addresses food safety issues, and has calendar of events, book reviews and
resources on where to buy organic products,
http://.www.organicconsumers.org.
Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 - EPA provides considerable
information on this legislation, http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/fqpa/.
International Food Information Council - read about the many issues relating
to food nutrition and safety, including pesticide residues, labeling, and
biotechnology, at http://ificinfo.health.org/.
Planting Your Farm's Future - series of informational leaflets on
sustainable farming topics written by ATTRA specialists,
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/leaflets/index.html.
COMING EVENTS
Contact CSAS office for more information.
1999
July 10 - Field Day at The Grain Place - Farmers, Seeds and Genetics,
Marquette, NE
July 19-21 - Nebraska Water Tour - Opportunities and Alternatives in Water
and Agriculture, Northeast and North Central Nebraska
Aug. 7 - Specialty Crops Field Day, Lincoln, NE
Aug. 8-11 - Soil and Water Conservation Society Annual Conference, Biloxi,
MS
Aug. 9-10 - Amaranth Institute 1999 Meeting, Omaha, NE
Aug. 9-13 - Nebraska Forestry Shortcourse, Chadron, NE
Aug. 9/14/17 - Organic Grain Farming Workshops, Randolph/Aurora/Clarkson, NE
Aug. 24 - Alternative Ag Expo: Diverse Systems that Work, South Sioux City,
NE
Oct. 12-15 - Second National Small Farm Conference: Building Partnerships
for the 21st Century, St. Louis, MO
Oct. 20-23 - North American Chapter Association for Farming Systems Research
and Extension (AFSR/E) Biennial Meeting - Sustaining Agriculture in the 21st
Century: Thinking "Outside the Box," Guelph, Ontario, CA, (abstracts due
Apr. 1), http://www.oac.uoguelph.ca/FSR/
Nov. 19-20 - Developing Agricultural Marketing Skills for the New
Millennium, Lincoln, NE
2000
Jan. 7-8 - Great Plains Regional Vegetable Conference, St. Joseph, MO
For additional events, see:
http://www.sare.org/wreg/view_notice_adm.pl
http://www.agnic.org/mtg/
DID YOU KNOW?
Did you wonder whatever happened to the Fund for Rural America center
proposals? Only one was funded, and UNL is one of the partners. The grant
creates the national Center for Crop Diversification. Other institutions
involved are U. of Missouri (primary award), Purdue U., Iowa State U.,
Colorado State U., and Oregon State U.
An agreement announced 4/6/99 between The Hain Food Group, Inc. and Heinz
U.S.A. will allow Hain to market the Earth's BestŪ line of organic baby food
products products directly to U.S. retail grocery customers. Earth's BestŪ
was the first 100% organic baby food available nationally and remains the
leading - and only - full-line organic brand in North America.
On 4/13/99 Archer Daniels Midland Co. issued a statement to the media
saying: "ADM supports the position of the Corn Refiners Association and
National Grain and Feed Association in regard to transgenic corn in that we
will not participate in the commerce of the varieties that are not approved
by the European Union. If and when the varieties are approved by the
European Union, we will participate in the marketing of those grains."
According to a new report on the pace of corporate concentration within the
"life industry" issued by the Rural Advancement Foundation International
(RAFI), many of the world's largest chemical corporations are changing from
industrial chemicals to agribusiness, pharmaceuticals and food. Examples
include: since 1996, Monsanto has spent over US$8 billion acquiring seed and
agricultural biotechnology companies; in December 1998, Hoechst and
Rhone-Poulenc merged to form Aventis - "the world's biggest life science
company," with combined sales of US$20 billion per year; the 1997 revenues
of Nestle, the world's largest food and beverage corporation, surpassed the
entire commercial seed and agrochemical industries; 40% of U.S. vegetable
seeds come from a single source, and just four companies control 69% of the
North American seed corn market. The report, "The Gene Giants: Master of the
Universe?" is online at http://www.rafi.org/communique/19992.html.
On 4/27/99 several environmental and public interest groups quit a 50-member
advisory panel on food safety. In their letter to EPA (see
http://www.nrdc.org/nrdcpro/petit/pestlet.html) the groups said they were
resigning because the agency was unwilling "to make hard choices" needed to
take the most dangerous pesticides out of service even though they pose a
threat to children. Last year the Environmental Working Group withdrew from
the advisory group in protest.
***********************
Pam Murray, Coordinator
Center for Grassland Studies and
Center for Sustainable Agricultural Systems
PO Box 830949
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, NE 68583-0949
phone: 402-472-9383
fax: 402-472-4104
e-mail: csas001@unlvm.unl.edu
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